The ANC led the struggle that toppled apartheid in 1994 and has ruled South Africa ever since, remaining the most popular party despite a series of scandals.
The South African Native National Congress was founded in 1912 in response to discrimination against blacks in the then-Union of South Africa, established two years earlier through the merger of white-run colonies and territories.After the white-minority National Party government institutionalised the apartheid system in 1948, the ANC organised its first mass"Defiance Campaign" in 1952.
The ANC continued to fight apartheid in exile from London, Dar es Salaam and Lusaka, and allied itself with the Soviet bloc.The ANC's leadership in exile held the first secret talks with apartheid officials in Zambia in 1985. Thabo Mbeki took over in 1999 but his two terms were tarnished by allegations of abuse of power and denial about the AIDS epidemic ravaging the country.The ANC compelled Mbeki to resign in 2008, before the end of his second term, amid a power struggle with party leader Jacob Zuma.The ANC won 2009 elections by 65.9% and Zuma became the first president from the Zulu ethnic group. Mandela and Mbeki were both Xhosa.
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