A Review article published in Molecular Cancer describes how tumor microenvironment released factors dictate the cancer stem cell maintenance and how these events influence the transition of tumor progression to metastasis and therapy resistance.
]. These small fractions of cells have a strong metastatic potential, relying on wound healing, regeneration, and embryonic development biology to spread to a distant tumor. The ability of these cells to change form during development is critical for immune system survival. As a result, these regenerative cells were re-creating tumors in different places.
Metastasis-initiating cells boost cellular plasticity and stemness by hijacking stem cell pathways, yet, these cells can also survive the metastatic cascade in a specific organ or tissue.
]. The origin of these cells is unknown, and they are difficult to identify and classify. These metastatic starting cells, according to researchers, exhibit distinct stem-like features and are difficult to identify and analyze using essential research methods.In the metastasis beginning site, a tiny subset of metastatic cancer stem cells is capable of invasive and self-renewal capability.
]. So, the surrounding niche plays a key role in the transition and maintenance of metastatic stem cells in the metastasis-initiating site of the tumor.Metastasis-initiating cells have the ability with stem-like and immune-evasive properties. Recent research shows that tumor cell seeding to secondary sites occurs early in the tumor and can be as dormant as single cells or micrometastases.
In the secondary sites, myeloid-derived suppressor cells had a pleiotropic function in shaping the metastatic tumor microenvironment, allowing tumor cells to escape the innate and adaptive immune response []. MDSCs cells are collected in putative metastatic sites before cancer cells arrive, producing a “premetastatic microenvironment,“ according to recent research.
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