Elizabeth Kolbert reviews “Material World: The Six Raw Materials That Shape Modern Civilization,” by Ed Conway, and “So Much Stuff: How Humans Discovered Tools, Invented Meaning, and Made More of Everything,” by Chip Colwell.
Spruce Pine’s planetary importance follows from an accident of geology. Some three hundred and eighty million years ago, during the late Devonian period, the continent of Africa was drifting toward what would eventually become eastern North America. The force of its movement pressed the floor of a Paleozoic sea deep into the earth’s mantle, where, in effect, it melted.
Meanwhile, a transportation sector that runs on electricity will require a whole lot more of his fourth material, copper. A recent report from S. & P. Global predicted that, worldwide, copper consumption will double over the next twelve years and that “there is a looming mismatch” between the available supply and the growing “copper demand resulting from the energy transition.
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