A string of violent escalations have pushed India and Pakistan to the brink of conflict, sparking global alarm and calls for restraint between the nuclear-armed neighbours.
What triggered the crisis?
Kashmir has seen hostilities during three India-Pakistan wars, as well as a limited conflict in 1999. Islamabad confirmed the incursion and the dropping of payloads in undisputed Pakistani territory, a few kilometres outside the part of Kashmir it controls. But there was a dramatic escalation when the Pakistani planes were chased by Indian fighters. In the ensuing fight, both sides claimed to have shot down each other's warplanes.
Both sides have sought to play down the threat of war – Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan and Indian foreign minister Sushma Swaraj have said they do not want to escalate further. But the fact that Pakistan has one of its pilots"may limit its options and may make it a bit more cautious".
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