The study could help improve warning systems for volcanoes — and the tsunamis, hot rock avalanches, and plumes of ash that come with them.
In 1815, Mount Tambora blew its top, ejecting huge volumes of gas and ash into the upper atmosphere in the largest volcanic event in recorded history.
“I’m watching the earth crumble before my eyes,” he says moments before getting crushed by a molten rock. “It’s classically been thought the bigger the eruption, the more intense the effect on climate — nearly a one-to-one relationship between eruption size and climate effects,” said Gilchrist. One video from an experiment shows a sandy pink cloud erupting from jets inside a water tank. The artificial volcanic plume bursts upward, but instead of remaining high into the experimental chamber, the material settles into a billowing cloud shaped like a spinning top.
Ejected volcanic material falling faster than once thought In early 2022, the researchers were still months away from submitting their research into the historic eruption at Santorini when a “magma hammer” slammed molten rock into the base of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater mountain — each impact carrying the force of a billion tonnes.
Imagine pointing a hose to the sky and putting your thumb over the nozzle. Pull your thumb from the hose and the high-pressured fountain of water will quickly subside. During large eruptions like that at Santorini or Hunga Tongo, the volcanic activity appeared to have quickly opened the volcanoes' vents, relieving subterranean pressure and preventing most of the gas and ash from reaching high enough speeds to hit the stratosphere.
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