Mechanism of action of different COVID-19 vaccines Coronavirus Disease COVID Antibody Antigen CD4 biorxivpreprint imperialcollege uni_tue
Studies have reported that COVID-19 vaccines confer immune protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections by inducing antibody -based humoral and T lymphocyte-based cellular immune responses. However, there has not yet been an extensive examination of the mechanisms that underlie COVID-19 vaccines.
Multi-OMICS transcriptomic analysis was performed, and humoral Ab titers and cellular immune response markers were assessed. AZ or mixed AZ and PB, JJ, PB, MD, and CV were administered to four, three, fifteen, three, and three participants, respectively. JJ-vaccinated participants received only single vaccination.
The second group comprised 82 individuals who had received two vaccinations with mRNA or rAdVV or both vaccines, and their samples were obtained after three months to 12 months of PoV2. Thirty-four, eight, three, two, and 34 persons received PB, MD, CV, JJ, or combined AZ and PB/MD vaccines, respectively. Forty-nine and 11 individuals were administered PB and MD mRNA vaccines as PoV3, respectively.
In particular, rAdVV vaccines negatively regulated the activation of the cluster of differentiation four positive T lymphocytes, leukocyte chemotaxis, interleukin 18 signaling, and monocyte mediated-antigen presentation. On the contrary, mRNA vaccines positively regulated the activation of natural killer T lymphocytes, chemokine-mediated immune pathways, and platelet activation.
PrV1 and PoV2 comparisons showed that most genes in p-monocytes for rAdVV and mRNA vaccines were downregulated. Further, downregulation of major histocompatibility complex II genes, CD83, and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 were observed post-rAdVV vaccinations.
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