Lost revenue, environmental damage and exploitation of vulnerable communities makes the illegal mining of sand a high-cost industry for Uganda.
in 2017. The value of the industry is projected to reach almost US$481-billion in 2100.
Mining in these areas is informal and, despite periodic condemnation by top state officials, including the, government oversight is inadequate. This inaction has enabled the cartels to establish either irregularly licenced or unlicenced operations. By tracing the movement of the sand, various crimes can be identified in the value chain. These include the mining itself, its transportation, the interlocutors involved, and selling the sand on the regional or global market.
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