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The most important production system in the Pan Amazon when measured by GDP is the cultivation of annual crops: particularly soy, but also maize, rice, sorghum, wheat and cotton. In Brazil and Bolivia, annual cropping is organized around soy, because export markets provide the potential for a very substantial return on investment.
Although the cultivation of soy is lucrative, it can be grown only in rotation with other crops, due to the proliferation of plant pathogens in monoculture production systems. Farmers in both Bolivia and Brazil sow two crops per year, which also allows them to spread climate risk between a summer and winter harvest. Many opt to plant a cover crop for one of the two cropping seasons; this allows them to improve the organic matter in the soil as well as reduce the risk from pest outbreaks.
Farmers in each of these municipalities harvested between one and two million tonnes of soy in 2019. Expansion has been most pronounced in the municipalities associated with BR-158, where soy plantings expanded by 500,000 hectares between 2016 and 2019. A similar phenomenon is underway in Tocantins, northeast Pará and Maranhão to take advantage of the lower transportation costs provided by the Ferrocarril Norte-Sul.
The evolution of the cultivation of soybeans in Brazil, Mato Grosso and Bolivia. Mato Grosso is the largest producer of soy within the federal union, producing about 27% of national production. The cultivation of soy has expanded to all nine states in the Legal Amazon; abbreviations in are postal codes . Nominal value is based on total production and the mean annual value of soybeans in international markets; producers are paid that value minus the cost of transportation.
In 2016, the amount of pasture in Mato Grosso was estimated at approximately 20 million hectares, while total cropland was reported to be ten million hectares. Most analysts project that the soy/maize production model will continue to expand and pasture area will decrease over the short term.
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