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A new study reveals how the emergence of the first cities and states in the Middle East and Mesopotamia was accompanied by a surge of violence among people, which later declined as laws, trade, and culture developed. The study was published in Nature Human Behaviour on Monday by an international team of researchers from the Universities of Tübingen, Barcelona, and Warsaw.
The study's project manager, Joerg Baten from the Chair of Economic History at the University of Tübingen, says that violence decreased again in the next 2,000 years as legal systems, centralized administration, and religious institutions emerged. Trade also flourished in the eastern Mediterranean andin the Early and Late Bronze Age, as evidenced by clay tablets with cuneiform writing that served as receipts and invoices.
How did interpersonal violence develop in early human societies? Given that homicide records are only available for the more recent period, much of human history remains outside our purview. In this paper, we study violence trends in the very long run by exploiting a new dataset on cranial trauma and weapon-related wounds from skeletons excavated across the Middle East, spanning the pre-Classical period . The dataset includes more than 3,500 individuals.
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