New research on the risks of lead exposure from bullets used in big game hunting PLOSONE
. In addition, the small source size and high brightness of synchrotron radiation improves the spatial resolution of X-ray imaging, well below previous reports on this topic. In this report, we fired bullets of two different compositions into ballistic gelatin with and without embedded bone, to simulate bullet fragmentation in a big game animal. The samples were imaged with lab-based medical radiography and, for the first time, synchrotron radiation from the Canadian Light Source .
Two types of factory loaded 308 Winchester cartridges were purchased locally and used as received: Federal Non Typical Whitetail soft-point , which we will refer to as the “lead-core bullet”, and Federal Power Shok Copper hollow-point , which we will refer to as the “copper bullet”. The advertised bullet weights were the same at 9.72 g , as were their muzzle velocities and energies of 860 m/s and 3590 J, respectively.
Sample preparation was conducted outdoors at an air temperature of -2°C. The gel blocks were transported to the outdoor location in a plastic storage container at 20°C. Blocks were removed from the container, placed on a table, and one shot was fired into each block from a realistic hunting distance of 50 m while a camera recorded the impacts at 960 frames/s. Each block was shot within 30 s of removal from the storage container.
Medical radiographs were acquired using a Carestream DRX Evolution portable digital machine at the Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, Canada. The instrument contained a tungsten anode X-ray tube, which was operated at 150 kVp with 58.8 mA tube current. No pre-filter was used, and the exposure time for each image was 5.1 ms. The detector was a DRX Plus 3543C, with 2520 × 3032 pixels of 139 μm × 139 μm, and a CsI scintillator. The source to detector distance was 1.
] at the CLS in Saskatoon, Canada. The major components of the beamline include a superconducting wiggler source set to 3.3 T and a double bent Laue Si monochromator. The beamline produces a relatively wide , intense and monochromatic (Δ
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