'The difference in median penalties between states is incredibly large.'
Federal laws like the Clean Water Act helped end practices of pouring toxic wastewater into rivers, as this paper plant was doing near International Falls, Minnesota, in 1937.Companies caught violating the Clean Water Act pay significantly different fines in different states.
You and your colleagues recently authored a study about the wide difference in fines for breaking pollution laws in various states. Can you give us an overview of what inspired you to undertake this study, and how long it took/ what it entailed to complete the research? We also found a huge difference between enforcement actions by the Environmental Protection Agency versus enforcement by a state agency. The median state penalty is $4,000, while the median federal penalty is almost $30,000. Even between EPA regions, there are significant differences. If you’re in Texas, the EPA office typically hands out $10,000 Clean Water Act penalties, but if you’re in California, the median penalty for that regional office is over $68,000.
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