Sparrows on a collection of Canadian islands change their behaviour when they fear predators are nearby, and an experiment shows this reduces their ability to raise their offspring to adulthood
The fear of predators alone is enough to halve a bird population in just four years, a study in Canada suggests.
The speakers were regularly moved, and the audio recordings of the predator or harmless species changed slightly to prevent the sparrows becoming accustomed to the audio recordings.
This is partly because prey species must spend more time watching for predators, reducing the time available to forage for food, says Zanette.
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