With regard to what is known about, like, how the universe happened: “There is a huge jump that has happened in the last couple of years.” Via QuantaMagazine
whose mission is to enhance public understanding of science by covering research developments and trends in mathematics and the physical and life sciences.
. Their challenge is that countless inflationary theories match the final observable state. Cosmologists are like film buffs struggling to narrow down the possible plots ofThe final frame of and the cosmic microwave background radiation both depict the last instant of an epic saga. One such commonsense property is unitarity, an elevated name for the obvious fact that the sum of the odds of all possible events must be 1. Put simply, flipping a coin must produce a heads or a tails. Bootstrappers can tell at a glance whether a theory in the Escher-like “anti-de Sitter” space is unitary by looking at its shadow on the boundary, but inflationary theories have long resisted such simple treatment, because the expanding universe has no obvious edge.
In the Escher world, checking shadow theories for unitarity can be done on a cocktail napkin. These boundary theories are, in practice, quantum theories of the sort we might use to understand particle collisions. To check one for unitarity, physicists describe two particles pre-crash with a mathematical object called a matrix, and post-crash with another matrix. For a unitarity collision, the product of the two matrices is 1.
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