Production of cement creates 2.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, and making iron and steel releases some 2.6 billion tonnes. Here are 9 steps to green these building blocks of the modern world
emissions to 50 kilograms or less per tonne of steel — a 97% reduction. Firms in Europe, China and Australia are piloting such plants, with several slated to open in 2025 or 2026. The challenge is that this process requires a lot of hydrogen.
One promising alternative to hydrogen is using electricity to reduce iron ore through electrolysis. This method is being explored by Boston Metal in Massachusetts, and Luxembourg-based Arcelor Mittal.Production of ordinary Portland cement — the most common type of cement — begins with the calcination of limestone, which is heated to temperatures above 850 °C to form lime and CO. The lime is combined with sand and clay in a 1,450 °C kiln to create clinker.
For cement, however, municipal solid waste — or carefully sorted rubbish — can be used as an alternative fuel: high temperatures in the kiln incinerate toxic materials in the waste, and the ashes can be incorporated into clinker. Up to 57% of the Mexican company Cemex’s energy in cement plants in the United Kingdom is derived from these alternative fuels, and UK company Hanson’s alternative-fuel consumption is at 52%.
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